Floods in Europe caused by Vb conditions. What are they?

“Vb weather conditions” are seldom reported in English-language media, were first described in 1891 by German meteorologist Wilhelm Jacob van Bebber, who cataloged typical paths of low-pressure systems and labeled them with Roman numerals.
Although the terms Va, Vc and Vd have since fallen out of popular usage, Vb (pronounced five-B weather conditions, V = Roman 5) is still used by meteorologists to describe a rare pressure system that can bring heavy rainfall, and often catastrophic damage, to Europe.
In Europe, weather is often determined by low pressure systems that move across the continent from west to east. In a Vb weather situation, however, the path of the low pressure system changes: The low pressure system moves towards the Mediterranean Sea due to colder air masses over western Europe.
Depending on the position of the core, such low pressure areas in the Mediterranean are also known as Genoa, Adriatic or Balearic lows.
The low pressure area pushes very humid air from the Mediterranean region past the eastern side of the Alps and north across the Czech Republic and Poland to Scandinavia.
As it moves across Europe, the low pressure system causes heavy precipitation — as was the case in southern and eastern parts of Germany when they saw flooding June 2024.
Mediterranean lows generally pump warm air masses from the Sahara across the Eastern Mediterranean.
There, the lows usually accumulate moisture, causing heavy rain in southern European mountain areas. This not only affects the Alps, but also the Pyrenees, Dinarides, Carpathians and the Rhodope Mountains, among others.
Strong Mediterranean lows generally occur in winter. In exceptional cases, a Mediterranean low can form a cloud-free area in the center, sort of like the eye of a hurricane.
Hurricane Daniel, which hit Europe in September 2023, was an example of this system at work. The storm, which first hit in the Eastern Mediterranean, caused flooding in southeastern Europe and North Africa, pummeling Greece, Libya, Bulgaria and Turkey with heavy rainfall.
Although Vb weather conditions can develop at any time of the year, they usually occur in spring and fall, when a strong exchange occurs between the cold northern and warm southern air masses.
Such conditions can present for several weeks: One Mediterranean low follows the next, each channeling humid air to the north.
In such situations, the problem is not only a large amount of water, but, above all, a lack of wind.
As a result, Mediterranean lows often move very slowly or even stop, causing massive amounts of rain to fall on a limited area. If these precipitation events go on long enough, the ground can become so soaked that it loses its ability to absorb more water, causing flooding.
The warmer the Mediterranean and the air above it, the more water moves north with the low pressure area. This is why Vb situations have led to catastrophic flooding in the past, especially in summer.
Germany’s 2002 “flood of the century,” which occurred near the country’s Elbe river in the month of August, is a well-known example of a Vb weather situation.
Forecasts suggest climate change could cause Vb weather conditions to become more extreme.
Although there will be fewer summertime Mediterranean lows in the coming decades, meteorologists predict that climate change will cause the atmosphere to warm, allowing for increased absorption of water vapor and subsequent rainfall.
Climate change may also affect the jet stream. At high altitudes, this broad band of very strong westerly winds over the Arctic determines wind conditions and therefore the weather. Recently, the jet stream has shifted significantly to the south.
This could also bring about serious weather changes, such as very long periods of precipitation or phases of extreme heat in the fall.
This article was originally published in German. It was updated September 13, 2024.